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Anonymous posted on Sunday, October 02, 2005 - 4:33 pm
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Hello, I am estimating several models which involve a single factor or multiple factors predicting various outcome variables (one at a time). In some of these models (i.e., those that contain a substantial amount of missing data) I am using the TYPE = MISSING command. Data missing on variables used to estimate the latent factors have already been listwise deleted, so technically, missing data on the outcome variable can only be handeled using this command. All analyses use the WLSMV estimator. I understand that MPLUS models missingness differently when WLSMV is used depending on whether covariates are included in the model. 1. Would it be correct that when one of my models involves one latent factor predicting a single outcome (and TYPE = MISSING is specified) that pairwise deletion is being used? 2. Would it be correct that when one of my models involves multiple latent factors predicting a single outcome (and TYPE = MISSING is specified) that some other method of handling missing data is being used? 3. If so, could you please describe this other method of handling missing data (i.e., what is being done to handle the missing data)? 4. Is it problematic that I already listwise deleted (a small) part of the sample to estimate the latent factors, and am then using the "MISSING" command on missing data on an outcome variable being predicted by the latent factors? What sort of an impact do you think this mixed approach towards dealing with missing data in my study will have on my results? (I am trying to get a sense of whether I should go back and re-estimate these models with the missing data on the variables used to estimate the latent factors re-included in the data set) Thanks |
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bmuthen posted on Monday, October 03, 2005 - 10:40 am
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1. Pairwise deletion is used with categorical outcomes and Type = Missing. 2. The number of factors does not influence the missing data handling, only whether or not observed covariates are present. 3. N/A 4. Listwise deletion is obtained when Type = Missing is not used. Type = Missing gives pairwise deletion with categorical outcomes. I would recommend using Type = Missing throughout. |
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Can the WLSMV estimator be used (in version 4.0) with complex sample data that contains both categorical and continuous indicators? I am also specifying missing because of some issues in missing data (longitudinal design where parents/teachers also respond) and analyzing a subpopulation of respondents. So, can the following code function in MPlus, or is this too many subcommands? subpopulation = f2race1 ne 4 and ses1band eq 1 and f2evdost eq 0 and f3f1pnwt ne 99; Type = general complex missing; estimator is wlsmv; and weight is f3f1pnwt; cluster is sch_id; stratification is sstratid; |
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This should work. But the proof is in doing it. |
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Kim Henry posted on Thursday, July 10, 2008 - 11:46 am
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I want to make sure that I understand how mplus handles missing data when type=WLSMV? If I understand correctly, only information from the X variables is used when dealing with missing data on the outcome variables (that is, for example, when estimating the regression of Y1 on X1-X3, Y2 is not used to help consider missingness on Y1. Is this correct? And, when I write this up, is their a term for this type of consideration of the missingness. For example, in MLR - missing data is dealt with by using full information maximum likelihood. |
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There is not a term for this that I know. WLSMV with covariates x works in 4 steps: univariate probit regression of each u on the x's using all people with data on that u (and the x's), bivariate probit regression of each pair of u's on the x's using all people with data for that pair, estimation of the weight matrix, and fitting the model using weighted least squares. The first 2 steps use ML estimation. This means that this is better than pairwise present data for the u's because missingness is allowed to be affected by the x's and so can be quite selective. So it has an MAR flavor wrt the x's. But the final results in step 4 are not MAR in the sense that for the u's only pairs of u's are used in the first 2 ML steps, not all of them. So for instance attrition giving missingness for a later u predicted by an early u would not give consistent results. This is the price paid for the simplicity of the WLSMV approach. |
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Erika Wolf posted on Friday, March 12, 2010 - 8:21 am
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Do you have a citation that would be approporiate for describing how WLSMV handles missing data (re--your response above on 7/10/08)? Thank you. |
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The only place we describe this in on page 7 of the user's guide. You can look for a citation on pairwise present which is the method we use when there are no covariates. |
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leah lipsky posted on Monday, March 15, 2010 - 12:36 pm
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If I'm using WLSMV with missing data, how do I know how many subjects are used in the model (I'm assuming that with pairwise deletion, the model only estimates based on subjects with no missing data)? My full sample is N = 413, and I know there are missing data for my 2 dependent variables, but the output says there are 413 observations. thanks. |
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Pairwise deletion uses different sample sizes for different pairs of dependent variables, but it sounds like you have only one pair given only 2 DVs. That sounds like none of the 413 has missing on both DVs. I believe in this case that Mplus would delete subjects with missing on both DVs. |
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leah lipsky posted on Tuesday, March 16, 2010 - 6:53 am
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Thanks for your response. I should have clarified that there are 2 IVs and 2 DVs. I checked my variables, and there are 45 subjects who were missing for both DVs, and 2 subjects are missing for both IVs. It sounds like you're saying I should expect the number of observations to be the full sample (n = 413) reduced by the number of subjects who are missing on both DVs (n = 45), but this is not the case (output says # observations = 413). I'd very much appreciate any further advice. Thank you. |
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Please send your input, data, output, and your license number to support@statmodel.com. |
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In reference to Bengt's post above on 7/10/2008 - I'm wondering what estimation and handling of missing data are used for those outcomes that are not declared as categorical but estimated using WLSMV (because there are categorical predictors that are also dependent variables in the path model). Specifically, my outcome variable is continuous (and with considerable missing data); several of my key predictor variables are categorical or binary, these variables are also dependent variables in the model, which necessitates use of WLSMV. Given this set up, what process is used to estimate Y (continuous outcome) on U (categorical predictor), and how is missing data on Y handled? |
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Missing data is handled the same way for all outcomes when using WLSMV - it doesn't matter if some are continuous. |
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Hello, I'm a bit confused about earlier discussions in this forum about missing data treatment with WLSMV. I've read several articles that report to use the WLSMV estimator for parameter estimation. At the same time, these papers report using the FIML method to handle missing data. From the technical appendix (WLSMV with missing data) I understand that WLSMV uses unvariate FIML estimates as the first stage estimate "sigma^1". If WLSMV can use FIML estimates at stage one, using pairwise deletion as missing data treatment doesn't make sense to me (given that MAR holds), as FIML is said to be more efficient under MAR than pairwise deletion. With TYPE=GENERAL and ESTIMATOR=WLSMV (in MPLus Version 5), does WLSMV use a FIML method or pairwise deletion for missing data treatment? I'd be very grateful for any advice on this topic. Thank you! |
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Missing data theory does not apply to the univariate case. Therefore, it is not involved in the univariate FIML estimates that are used as first stage estimates. WLSMV uses pairwise present for missing. Maximum likelihood and categorical outcomes uses FIML. |
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Sarah Ryan posted on Thursday, October 06, 2011 - 11:37 am
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Regarding your above explanation of missing data handling by WLSMV on Thursday 10/8/2008, let me make sure I understand. "WLSMV with covariates x works in 4 steps: univariate probit regression of each u on the x's using all people with data on that u (and the x's)...," Q1) MEANING THAT IF U IS MISSING, THE CASE IS DROPPED OR MEANING THAT U IS INFERRED GIVEN INFORMATION ON X'S? "... So it has an MAR flavor wrt the x's. But the final results in step 4 are not MAR in the sense that for the u's only pairs of u's are used in the first 2 ML steps, not all of them. So for instance attrition giving missingness for a later u predicted by an early u would not give consistent results. " q2) MEANING THAT WE MUST BE CONFIDENT THAT THE ESTIMATES IN STAGE1 WERE THE "TRUE VALUES" (IN PARTICULAR, FOR THOSE MISSING ON THE U IN STAGE1) IN ORDER TO CONCLUDE THAT WE HAVE OBTAINED CONSISTENT RESULTS IN THE FINAL STAGE? |
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Q1) Meaning that the case is dropped, which would also be the case when FIML is used and there is only 1 DV. Q2) I think it is the Stage 2 (conditional correlation) estimation that we should worry about. "So for instance attrition giving missingness for a later u predicted by an early u would not give consistent results. " To avoid missingness with WLSMV you can first do Multiple Imputation. See Topic 9, May 2011 version. |
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Carolyn CL posted on Wednesday, August 14, 2013 - 10:06 am
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Dear Drs. Muthen, I am estimating a structural equation model with missing data on x's (two of which are continuous latent variables) and y's. Two of my y's are categorical ordinal variables which has lead to the use of WLSMV estimation with theta parametrization. Because I wish to use FIML estimation methods to deal with the missing data, I included an auxiliary variable (family SES at birth) which I allow to correlate with all observed variables (Enders, 2010). I am having a difficult time clearly articulating the estimation method in my Methods section, as I wish to draw a comparison between the WLSMV and FIML methods. For the sake of clarity, I re-estimated the method treating the ordinal level y variables as continuous, in order to compare the WLSMV and FIML methods. In both cases, the 'Numer of observations' corresponds to the full sample. In both cases, the number of observed missing data patterns and covariance coverage are the same. In the case of the WLSMV, the Chi-square and df values are smaller. CFI and RMSEA are comparable for both estimation methods. In terms of the parameters, the regression coefficient estimates tend to be slightly larger and the standard errors slightly smaller in the WLSMV method. (see below) |
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Carolyn CL posted on Wednesday, August 14, 2013 - 10:08 am
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(NOTE: When running the model using FIML, I get an expected error message: THE STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MODEL PARAMETER ESTIMATES MAY NOT BE TRUSTWORTHY FOR SOME PARAMETERS DUE TO A NON-POSITIVE DEFINITE FIRST-ORDER DERIVATIVE PRODUCT MATRIX. THIS MAY BE DUE TO THE STARTING VALUES BUT MAY ALSO BE AN INDICATION OF MODEL NONIDENTIFICATION. THE CONDITION NUMBER IS -0.286D-14. PROBLEM INVOLVING PARAMETER 106.) Am I correct in the following: (i) The weighted least squares estimation with missing data method gives parameter estimates that are similar to those using full information maximum likelihood estimation when missing data assumptions are met (Asparouhov & Muthèn, 2010). (ii) Missing data assumptions are that missing data in y are explained by a covariate x (in this case, family SES at birth and other x's). (iii) By using a saturated correlate model (whereby all observed variables are allowed to correlate with an auxiliary variable associated with attrition) all participants who contributed information to the model were retained in the WLSMV analyses (Davey, Shanahan and Schafer, 2001; Enders, 2010). (iv) The estimation of the parameters in WLSMV benefited from the retention of complete and partial data, including that of participants who would have been more likely to desist from the study over time. |
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In the future, please limit your post to one window. Regarding the error message, please send the output and your license number to support@statmodel.com. (i) Weighedt least squares and maximum likelihood handle missing data differently. The results may differ due to this. (ii) Missing data with maximum likelihood can also be explained by y. (iii-iv) I don't understand what you are saying. |
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JW posted on Thursday, September 11, 2014 - 2:40 am
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I have categorical opbserved variables which I am using in SEM - I know the default estimator is WLSMV but I would like to use ML as I know it can handle missing data through FIML apporach... Is using ML with categorical observed variables sensible? |
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Yes, it results in logistic regression as the default if the categorical variables are put on the CATEGORICAL list. |
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JW posted on Thursday, September 11, 2014 - 7:57 am
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Thanks for your reply. When I use ML I receive the following message, I suspect as I have 15 categorical observed variables: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST IS NOT COMPUTED BECAUSE THE FREQUENCY TABLE FOR THE LATENT CLASS INDICATOR MODEL PART IS TOO LARGE. This means I obtain no goodness of fit indeces... Could I report AIC/BIC in the write-up for a paper? Is there any other way to obtain RMSEA, CFI or TLI? |
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JW posted on Thursday, September 11, 2014 - 8:50 am
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From previous posts, I am under the impression that I should request TECH10 - however, I am not sure which part of the TECH10 output would give me an indication of how good is the fit of the model - could you help pls? |
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The frequency table chi-squares do not work well with more than about 8 variables. TECH10 gives observed and estimate univariate and bivariate proportions. The standardized residuals are in the metric of z-scores. These values show where model misfit may be. |
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JW posted on Friday, September 12, 2014 - 8:09 am
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It does sound though as if there is no way of obtaining RMSEA, CFI or TLI - am I correct? |
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That is correct. |
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I'm running an EFA with categorical and continuous variables with varying missingness on the indicators (N = 997; 21 variables). I'm using the WLSMV estimator, Type = Missing, and culstering by by community group (24 communities), but I want to ensure I understand how this method handles missingness for EFAs. My understanding is that this method uses pairwise deletion, is that correct? However, my output indicates that I have 997 observations and I'm a bit confused as there are some variables with missingness on both variables, as was posted above. Additionally, does clustering change the way missingness is handled in any way? Thank you! |
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I apologize for the additional post. I realized that the type that I'm actually using is type = individual and listwise = off (to do pairwise delete). It is my understanding that Type = missing is no longer used and received an error message. Thank you, Ashley |
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TYPE=MISSING is the default. The full number of observations is printed although each correlation is based on however many people have both variables. Clustering does not change how missingness is handled. |
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Hello, I have read though this forum but still need some guidance on handling NMAR longitudinal missing data (due to attrition). Wave 1 has 1,182 participants and 400 completed Wave 2. My final longitudinal models use cross-lagged SEM and and multi-group analyses. Estimator is WLSMV because I have both continuous and categorical variables. As I understand it, it is not possible to go multi-group analysis with imputed data (and I am not sure imputing data makes sense when 65% of Wave 2 data are missing) and FIML is not possible with WLSMV. Can you recommend an approach for handling missing data in this case (or point me to resources to help make this decision)? Thank you very much. |
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Try using ML. |
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Ping Kuo posted on Monday, August 24, 2015 - 6:35 am
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Hello I'm running a CFA of three-factor model using WLSMV. (a) If I did not use Type function, is type=missing default? (b) In the situation above, the pairwise deletion is used. Is it correct? Thanks. |
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a. Yes, this has been the case for some time. b. Yes, when the model has no covariates. |
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Ping Kuo posted on Monday, August 24, 2015 - 8:40 am
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Hello, Thanks for your quick responses. If I test longitudinal measurement invariance using WLSMV ( I did not use the type function), is the pairwise deletion used? In my LMI model, the same factors at difference time points are correlated. Could WLSMV and FIML be used together? Thanks. |
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Whenever you use one of the weighted least squares estimators in a model without covariates, pairwise present is used as the default. No, you can use only one estimator at a time. |
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Anonymous posted on Tuesday, October 27, 2015 - 5:07 pm
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Hello, I am estimating a model over 3 waves of data. I have NO missing data on my observed exogenous variables or my observed outcome measure. However, on my mediating latent variables, I do have missing data. How does Mplus handle this under the WLSMV pairwise approach, since I have valid data for each case on my exogenous predictor and final outcome variable? Thank you. |
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I assume you mean you have missing data on the indicators of your mediating latent variables. If missingness on indicators for a person is to some extent related to the values of the indicators that are observed for the person, or with the observed outcome measure, that would be missing under MAR, but WLSMV wouldn't accommodate that like ML would. But if missing is only correlated with the exogenous variables, WLSMV is fine. |
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Dear Muthen's I am attempting to get further clarity on which individuals are dropped/retained when they have missing data. If I am using WLSMV estimator and have the following model: SOC BY Ind1 Ind2 Ind3 Y1 ON Y2 X Y2 ON SOC Z Am I right in thinking that a) under the default setting individuals are dropped if they are missing data on any of Y1, Y2, X or Z? b) that they are retained if they have complete responses to those variables and have a response for either Ind1, Ind2 or Ind3? If I am correct on b) does the SEM in effect do i) FIML using their responses to the one indicator they have completed to estimate their likely responses to the other indicators had they completed them and then ii) take the responses for the one variable and the imputed responses to the other two to estimate their latent scores? I have attempted to read around but would it be possible to point me to a source that summarises the approach taken to keeping/dropping individuals due to nonresponse when using the WLSMV estimator? Many thanks, Dan |
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In Mplus, the default is to use all available information. With WLSMV, this is done using pairwise present. The model is estimated conditioned on the observed exogenous covariates so cases with missing on one or more of these variables is dropped. |
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Linda, Many thanks for your response. Concerning my earlier questions when using WLSMV for a SEM if an individual only has a completed response for one of Ind1, Ind2 or Ind3 does Mplus a) estimate the individual's expected score for that latent variable and then include this in the structural regression OR b) does that individual only contribute to the SEM by i) supporting the estimation of the threshold for that indicator and ii) by informing other correlations in the structural regression? Many thanks in advance, Dan |
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If ind1, ind2, and ind3 are endogenous variables, with WLSMV Mplus uses pairwise present. Each correlation is based on the maximum number of observations available for each pair of variables. Each observed threshold is based on the maximum number of observations for that variable. |
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JIn Liu posted on Friday, January 20, 2017 - 3:17 pm
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hello, I am working on a factor analysis project. Here is my missing data information. A few missing values of item responses (74 out of 22,360) were identified. 498 out of 569 students have completed responses. Would that be appropriate to use the WLMSV with default missing data handling (pairwise deletion)? Or should I try the MLR with default missing data handling with FIML? A few of my variables have bad skewness&kurtosis. Thanks Jin |
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I assume your outcomes are categorical. I would try ML (FIML) if computationally possible. Or Bayes. For estimator choices with categorical outcomes, see our FAQ: Estimator choices with categorical outcomes |
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JIn Liu posted on Saturday, January 21, 2017 - 6:08 am
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Hello, Dr. Muthen Thanks for your quick reply. I did use ML with FIML before. That is the default estimation method in M-plus with missing data. Right? But the reviewer pointed out that a few of my items are with bad skewness & kurtosis values. How should I address that with ML (FIML). I tried WLMSV with pairwise deletion... That is the only option for WLMSV. The conclusions are similar comapred with ML with FIML. Any other options available if I use WLMSV estimator? Thanks a lot. Jin |
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No, ML is not the default for missing. You can use WLSMV or Bayes as well. Plus MLR. You say that some items have bad skewness and that you tried WLSMV. That sounds like you treat the items as categorical. Note that ML (and MLR) can be used with categorical items. ML does not mean continuous-normal variables. MLR is suitable for continuous-non-normal variables as well as categorical variables. |
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Dear Professors Muthen, I would like to ask a few questions to get some clarity about missing data with WLSMV 1) If some publications claim to use WLSMV for their analyses, yet they simultaneously say that FIML is used for treating missing data. Is this incorrect? 2) After reading the Mplus manual, I am still a bit confused: when WLSMV is used with categorical outcomes, and you have several IVs, is that when pairwise present is used? 3) If so, does that effectively mean that in treating missing data, your DV uses as many cases as it is available for each IV 4) What if missing data are only present for the IVs, would Mplus still use pairwise present? Thank you Kind regards Alex |
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1) No, WLSMV does not give FIML. 2)- 3) No, pairwise refers to the outcomes. 4) Missing on IVs gets deleted unless you bring them into the model. See chapter 10 of our new book. |
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J.W. posted on Monday, May 22, 2017 - 2:40 pm
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I used a data set (N=101) to test missing value handling in Mplus when WLSMV is used. The following are selected cases from the data. There are two cases, each of which has value on only one variable (i.e., missing values on the other variables). For the purposed of practice, I defined Y1 as a categorical variable, while Y2 and Y3 are continuous. Y1 Y2 Y3 3 2 5 2 . . . 1 . 2 2 4 2 0 7 1 2 2 1 0 4 … 2 2 2 4 5 1 3 4 3 … 1) I regressed Y1 on Y2 and Y3. Mplus output shows 99 cases were analyzed. 2) A CFA was conducted withY1-Y3 as indicators. Again, Y1 is categorical, while Y2 and Y3 are continuous, and WLSMV was the estimator. This time, Mplus output shows the entire sample (N=101) were analyzed. As I know, pairwise deletion is used to handle missing values when WLS estimators are used for model estimation and pairwise refers to outcome variables only. It is straightforward that 2 cases were deleted from the regression model, but it is hard to understand how the CFA model uses the entire sample, in which there are missing values in each pair of variables. Your help will be appreciated! |
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Dear Linda or Bengt, I have a very basic question. My colleagues and I are writing a paper on norm-scores of a certain questionnaire. We have some missing data. We were wondering if we can use FIML in Mplus to calculate the estimated means and sd's. If so, what would be the most efficient way to do this (e.g., per item or scale). Should we include other information than just the item scores for FIML to properly work? Thank you, Joyce |
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Item scores should work well. |
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Dear Bengt, Thank you for your quick reply. Can we export the newly estimated mean item scores and sd's? Best, Joyce |
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Use Savedata's Results = option. |
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Dear Dr. Muthen, May I ask how ESTIMATOR=WLSMV or ESTIMATOR=ML for path analysis deal with missing data of outcome variable. I am still confused. Thank you! |
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In regression where the DV has missing data, no method uses those subjects, not even FIML (ML under MAR). See also chapter 10 in our new book. |
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Dear Prof. Muthen, How is missing data handled when using WLSMV? Can I say "The model was estimated based on the observed exogenous variables. Missing data theory applies only to endogenous dependent variables."? Thanks in advance, |
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See our FAQ: Estimator choices with categorical outcomes |
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Hello, when WLSMV uses pairwise present for missing y data, i think i understand that the missing is allowed to be affected by the x's and this is done first as univariate and then as bivariate with pairs of y's. Is this right? But in the case of a model with 7 dependent variables and 2 independent variables - is the missingness in y1 allowed to be affected by y2 and y3 (in a univariate way) for example, or only by x1 and x2? Thank you. |
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re earlier post: Joanna Davies posted on Monday, February 10, 2020 - 2:59 am sorry for multiple posts, i want to clarify what im asking. In the case of y1 ON y2 y3 x1 (where y2 and y3 are dependent vars in the wider structural model, and x1 is always an independent var). Will missingness in y1 be allowed to be affected by y2 y3 and x1 (in a pairwise fashion)? Or will only x1 be allowed to affect the missingness? thank you |
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Dear Dr Muthens, Just wondering if you have advice on the above 2 posts about the handling of missing data in WLSMV? Many thanks, Joanna |
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The WLSMV sample statistics are computed in 2 steps: univariates and bivariates. Each univariate probit regression uses the non-missing cases for that DV so in your case, missing cases for Y1 are not used in that step. The pair-wise estimation involving Y1 and another Y uses the cases that are available for that pair, that is, missing cases on Y1 don't contribute. So that gives different estimates for that pair than if you had done a single-step ML probit estimation with those 2 DVs. If X predict missing for Y1, the estimates will be unbiased. However, if Y2 predict missing for Y1, the estimates will be biased. We have a simulation like that in Section 3.1 where we also recommend using multiple imputations when Y2 predicts missing of Y1. http://www.statmodel.com/download/Imputations7.pdf We also have this document that gives all the details on the methodology http://www.statmodel.com/download/GstrucMissingRevision.pdf If the model has only a few variables. It might be useful to study the regression of “missing indicator for Y1 “ on Y2 to see if there is a significant effect there and you would indeed need more advanced methods than straight wlsmv. |
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Thank you for above response. A follow up question. One of my mediators is particularly problematic 26% missing and missingess is associated with other dependent vars in the model - so i think i must pursue MI as you suggest. But i have a multiple mediator model so following preacher and hayes 2008 i was bcbootstrapping. i have binary outcomes so if i use ML to address the missing I dont get RMSEA, CFI and TLI which i find useful for understanding model fit. And if i use bayes to overcome the need to bootstrap i also dont get the model fit stats (and have to get to grips with bayes). Do you have any suggestions for a way forward? My sample size is fairly large 737. Thank you. |
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Bayes may be the way to go here - it is full-information estimation with missing data so just like ML (FIML). In Mplus Version 8.4 you have fit statistics with Bayes - see our paper: http://www.statmodel.com/download/BayesFit.pdf |
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Dear Professor Muthén I am working with a data file that contains missings on the dependent categorical variable as well as on one observed independent variable. In Asparouhov & Muthén (2010) you write that in this case "the independent variables with missing values have to be included as dependent variables in the model so that the model can infer the missing values". How can this be done? Modelling the independent variable as a latent variable with the original observed independent variable as only indicator lead to an error message that the standard errors of the model estimates could not be computed. What did I do wrong? Or is there another way to include such variables? Many thanks for your help! |
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See the FAQ on our website: Missing on x's We also describe missing data modeling in Mplus thoroughly in Chapter 10 of our RMA book. |
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Hello, we are looking at correlations between an intelligence factor and a categorical variable. We are using "type = complex" and the estimator is WLSMV. In a sample of N = 500, there are 2 missings in one of the intelligence subtests and no missings in the categorical variable. The intelligence factor is modeled as a higher order model with group factors indicated by multiple intelligence subtests. The syntax is as follows: BIS_V by ST B_TM_s B_Wa_s; BIS_N by B_ZN_s XG B_SC_s; BIS_F by B_CH_s B_AN_s OG BD; BIS_G by BIS_V BIS_N BIS_F; BIS_G with Task_1 - Task_1 is categorical - Missings only occure for one of the intelligence subtests Our question is, how are the two missing values in the intelligence factor handeled in Mplus (Version 7)? By imputation or by pairwise deletion? Thank you so much! |
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Sorry to correct and clarify my question: How are the missing values in the intelligence subtest (e.g. the subtest ST which loads on BIS_V) handeled in Mplus (Version 7)? |
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Mplus uses ML under the standard MAR assumption, often called FIML. This means that all observations are used (so not imputation and not pairwise). It is the standard way of handling missing data. See also our RMA book chapter 10. |
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